The Geohazards Digital Twin Component (DTC) is composed of 10 specialized modules or building blocks, each designed to handle specific aspects of geohazard monitoring, analysis, and simulation. These building blocks work together to process Earth Observation (EO) data, integrate in-situ measurements, and generate actionable insights. The design of these components ensures flexible integration, either through deployment or interoperability mechanisms, to enhance usability and accessibility.

The integration of these modules is central to their functionality and usability, offering multiple approaches for seamless operation within the Geohazards Exploitation Platform (GEP). One approach is the deployment of the building blocks as EO application packages, adhering to best practices for EO Application Packaging, and directly embedding them within the GEP. Alternatively, the building blocks can be integrated through interoperability mechanisms, such as the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) API processes, which enable external systems to execute and interact with these services. Lastly, data access is facilitated through the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) standard, which allows efficient discovery and retrieval of geospatial data. These integration strategies ensure the building blocks can function cohesively within GEP while also supporting broader accessibility through the Destination Earth Core Service Platform (DESP).

Functioning of the GET-it DTC with building blocks (methods) implemented in GET-it, and interactions. The colours are related to the levels: level 1 in purple, level 2 in orange, level 1/2 in purple/orange, and level 3 in green.

The 10 building blocks of the Geohazards DTC form the foundation of a comprehensive framework for geohazard monitoring and analysis. Each block is designed to address specific aspects of data processing and modeling, with a clear structure that aligns them into three levels based on the information content they produce:

• Level 1: EO Data-Derived Products: This level includes building blocks that generate products directly derived from EO data analysis.
  • InSAR Deformation Mapping analyzes synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to monitor ground deformation, providing essential measurements for assessing earthquakes and volcanic activity.
  • Damage Assessment identifies and quantifies the impact of geohazard events by comparing pre- and post-event imagery, aiding in emergency response efforts.
• Level 2: Added-Value Products: At this level, building blocks combine Level 1 EO data products with other datasets, such as in-situ data, to create higher-value outputs.
  • Gas and Ash Detection and Retrieval uses thermal infrared imagery to detect volcanic plumes, retrieving parameters like ash mass and SO2 concentrations.
  • High-Temperature Event Monitoring focuses on detecting thermal anomalies indicative of volcanic eruptions or other high-temperature events.
  • Topographic Monitoring generates and compares digital surface models (DSMs) to understand landscape changes caused by geohazard events.
  • Deformation Signal Decomposition isolates meaningful deformation signals from time-series data for detailed geophysical analysis.
• Level 3: Assimilation and Modeling: This level integrates Level 1 and Level 2 products into advanced modeling and scenario simulation to support predictive analysis.
  • Data Integration merges EO and in-situ datasets to enhance the reliability of geohazard assessments.
  • Geodetic Data Modeling simulates surface deformation and identifies geophysical source parameters to predict hazard evolution.
  • Plume Dispersion Modeling forecasts the transport and deposition of volcanic ash and gases, supporting aviation safety and public health.
  • Lava Flow Forecasting uses advanced algorithms to predict lava flow paths and impacts during volcanic eruptions.

The building blocks are designed to operate in an interconnected manner, ensuring smooth data flow and seamless integration. This cohesive framework allows the components to function either as deployed packages within GEP or as interoperable services using OGC APIs and STAC-based data access. Through this integration, the outputs of the building blocks are made available to the DESP, enhancing their accessibility to a wide range of stakeholders.

The Geohazards DTC building blocks deliver robust and scalable solutions for geohazard monitoring and management. Their modular design ensures adaptability for diverse applications while supporting future enhancements as technologies and user needs evolve.